A review of the world’s most famous pharmaceutical manufacturing plants

Joseph Johnson, in collaboration with his two brothers, James and Edward, founded in 1886, a company called Johnson & Johnson or J & J, whose main goal was to produce medicine for the new age after the discovery of germs. By the end of the century, the name Johnson & Johnson was synonymous with sterile and disinfectant devices used in hospitals. In 1910, James took over as chairman in place of his brother Robert. James immediately targeted foreign markets and quickly turned Johnson and Johnson into an international company. For this purpose, Johnson & Johnson’s new mills were launched in Canada and the United Kingdom.

At the same time, the company launched two popular products such as Band-Aid and the J & J baby worm. Band-Aid, first produced in 1921, quickly became the best-selling product of Johnson & Johnson. In 1932, the son of Robert Johnson, who was also a father and a general in the US Army, became president of the company and from that time he chose a specific policy for the company’s activities.

According to this policy, the company was first offered to customers, then employees, in the third stage of the community, then committed to environmental protection and, ultimately, to their shareholders, and they had to rank their activities in such a way. Another important occasion for General Johnson was his belief in decentralization, which ultimately led to the fact that the activities of Johnson’s company were out of focus and continued in numerous affiliated companies. Surgical equipment manufacturers were assigned to Sugikos, today known as Johnson & Johnson Medical. Other health-care products under the name of the Modess Division, followed by personal products and family planning products (produced and marketed in the thirties), called Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp, were removed from the main body of the company.

The Johnson & Johnson Company faced a very serious crisis in 1982. This year, seven Chicago residents were killed because of the consumption of Tylenol (acetaminophen), a pill sold by the company due to toxicity to the cyanide. An incident soon discovered was a conspiracy against Johnson & Johnson’s company and a nightmare for the company. Johnson & Johnson was forced to collect thirty-one million bottles of this drug worth $ 100 million from the market and warned against using the Tylenol tablet to disclose the cause of the incident. Johnson & Johnson’s quick deal in accepting the responsibility of this has had a positive effect on the masses, so that by reversing the packaging of the Taylenol tablet and offering a new kind of packaging that could not be opened and re-wrapped up, people’s trust again Taylenol again became the best-selling acetaminophen-based pill for tablets around the world.

Today Johnson & Johnson has 190 manufacturing companies in 175 countries and more than 100,000 employees. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s largest manufacturer of medical diagnostic tools, OTC drugs, generic drugs, health products and hospital products.

 

:Merck & Company

In 1668, a person named Jacob Merck established a very small pharmacy in the city of Darmstadt, Germany, which today is one of the giants of the pharmaceutical industry in the world. In 1827, the pharmacy became one of the Heintch Emmanuel heirs to a pharmaceutical company, which initially produced morphine, codeine and cocaine. The grandson of this person, George W. Merck, went to the United States sixty-four years later, and in 1903 founded the Merck Pharmaceutical Factory in the United States.

Studies in the American Drug Administration have prompted the discovery and marketing of highly effective medications such as vitamin B12, cortisone, streptomycin for the treatment of tuberculosis and enalapril for the treatment of high blood pressure. Today, Merck has been taking important medicines, including PEPCID for the treatment of gastric ulcers and Crixivan for the treatment of viral infections (HIV). Merck’s headquarters are also located in New Jersey, and its signature mark is the sheep’s flock that was very popular with George W. Merck

It might be said that Merck’s largest service to the medical community has been the continuous publication of books such as Merck Index and the Merck Manual of Diagnostic and Therapy. Merck Manual was first published in 1899 under the title Merck’s Manual of the Materia Madica, and was published in 192 pages, divided into two parts: Materia Medica and Therapeutic Indications. This book is in fact the best document and window for familiarizing with medical science in the twentieth century. Merck Manual is now available for printing on the 17th edition and includes 2883 pages.

The Merk Index was first published in 1889. Its twelfth edition, published in 1996, is a reputable reference, in which 10330 important compounds, inorganic, inorganic chemicals, laboratory chemicals, herbs and animal products are discussed.

Merck’s books, currently published by Merck Research lsboratories, are unique in two respects. In addition to historical and long history, these books have a reputation for scientific excellence and are also printed on a nonprofit basis. Index via the Internet and Manual is available to anyone through a website.

Merck was involved in a lawsuit in 1974 against pharmaceutical companies manufacturing DES or Diethyl Steel Bastrol. Administration of this drug to prevent abortion caused the birth of girls who were often infected with ovarian and uterine cancer.

:Novartis

Novartis is one of the companies that turned from chemical paints to pharmaceuticals.

Novaris consists of the merger of two completely different companies, a color producing company and a chemical manufacturing company.

In 1758, Johann Rudolf Geigy established a Geigy company to buy and sell chemicals, paints and drugs in Switzerland. With his income, he gradually bought a color-producing company, later called the Wing Chemical Industry Company, or in the name of Ciba. At the same time, a researcher named Paul Muller, during his studies in Siba, discovered the effects of insecticide D.D.T or Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane, which brought him the Nobel Prize of 1948. Another group of researchers at Siba, led by Michael Widmer, introduced a special method called <Lab-on-a-Chip>, which was welcomed.

At the same time, with the growth and development of Siba Gagli the other two Swiss companies named ALFRED KERN, a chemist, and Edouard Sandoz, a businessman, founded Kern & Sandoz. The company has grown rapidly and has created numerous affiliated factories in the early part of the century, and eventually simply operated Sandoz. The main reputation of Sandoz was due to the discovery and delivery of effective medications for the treatment of migraine headaches and migraine headaches.

:Eli Lilly

The Eli Lilly Company is considered to be the right product of the American Civil War. Eli Lilly was founded in 1876 by Colonel Ela Lily in Indianapolis, USA. Colonel Ela Lily was a chemical chemist and was among the victims of the American Civil War. At a time when many inefficient drugs were disappointed with the ability to knowledge of pharmaceuticals, Colonel Ela Lily established his company with the goal of producing effective and highly effective drugs. Colonel Elli Lilly hired a chemist named Ernest Eberhaed in 1886, whose studies completely transformed Lilly’s company. Lilly’s leading reputation is due to its high ability to purify and provide insulin.

The first Laley production was launched in 1922. Another important field of study is Leisha’s anemia and lethal diseases, so that the Lilly study team received a joint Nobel Prize for the discovery of anemia treatment with liver extract. Eli Lilly was also the first pharmaceutical company to enter penicillin production, and the antibiotic cartiro mosin that was used for penicillin allergy was first prepared and manufactured by Eli Lilly. In the 1950s, it also discovered and launched the Lily Vancomycin, which is still available from strong antibiotics.

In the 1980s, Ela Lilly was involved with the Darvon drug problem, which was a good sale as an affordable home but gradually the problem of drug addiction and drug addiction was reported. In 1982, Laley was forced to collect her own anti-arthritis drug called Oraflax only one month after the FDA approved the market. The cause of this was severe and fatal jaundice in Oraflax consumer patients. Ultimately, Laley was found guilty of 25 patients and had to pay $ 25,00

Eli Lilly Company in 1982 produced human insulin, or Humulin, which is the first drug produced by genetic or recombinant methods. Despite the significant success of Lilly’s production of insulin, the most prominent and most prominent drug of prophylaxis is the world’s most anti-depressant drug.

:Glaxo – Wellcome

The Glaxo-Wellcome Company was founded in 1995 by the merger of Glaxo and Volcano. The specialized field of activity of this company was to study and produce anticancer drugs, specialist care, central nervous system, antiviral and cardiovascular.

Glaxo was founded in 1873 by a migrant named Joseph Nathan and as a trading company in New Zealand. Glaxoo Company was initially involved in exporting and importing various kinds of goods. During a business trip to London, Nathan bought the privilege of a special method for the production of dry baby milk, and immediately turned his company into New Zealand as a dry milk factory. The initial sale of the dried milk was very disappointing, and Nathan opened the office in London in order to help sell the globe, and with great efforts made it profitable to make the company’s products, but one year later, he died.

In 1923, his successor, Harry Jephcorr, at a conference in Washington, DC, addressed a group of researchers who were studying on the diagnosis and isolation of vitamin D and who were interested in assigning the results of their studies. Jephcott quickly understood the high potential of the drug and bought all the relevant benefits, and thus Glaxo, which produced only dry milk, expanded its activity and began to produce vitamin-containing products. In the twentieth century, Glaxoo produced a dry milk called Ostremilk that contained all kinds of vitamins and soon became a very popular product.

During the Second World War, all of Glaxo’s facilities in New Zealand were disbanded and sold, and all facilities in the new pharmaceutical industry established in the UK were used to produce a variety of drugs, including penicillin.

After the war, scientists at Glaxo began to work with researchers from the German Mercantile Company to produce vitamin B12 for the treatment of anemia, and the production of hormones for the treatment of hypothyroidism. In the seventies, Glaxoo, in collaboration with the Swiss company, developed the method of formulating the very popular drug and the sale of ranitidine or zanthus for 25% of the world market in order to compete with the full-sale of cimetidine or the Tagum, and began to produce it in the United States. The first drug in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers

Glaxo-Wellcome Company was founded in 1870 by a graduate of the Philadelphia School of Pharmacy called Silas M. Burroghs. By joining a new venture called Henry S.Wellcome in 1880, Burronghs w2ellcome & CO was born. At this time, Volcum operated the company in London, and its partner Burroughs began to study pill production methods.

The result of the activity was the TABLOID score, which was a method of tablet production. In this way, they were able to produce pills containing one thousandth of a gram of effective ingredient up to 60 grams of active ingredient. After the death of Burrouhs in 1895, Wolcom worked alone for thirty years. During the First World War, which had an important role in research, Volcum handed over his company to the UK government to use its facilities for war-related research.

At this time, Volcott’s company was able to produce a variety of vaccines, anti-Tuxins and gangrene gases. Volcover died in 1963, while he was in a bad situation, and he was not actively involved for many years. The birth of the company took place in the 40s when several new homes were marketed by Volcum, and R & D studies were at the top of the company’s operations.

By increasing sales and earnings, Volcom has gradually expanded its operations to the UK, including other European, Asian and Mediterranean countries. The two Glaxo and Volcano companies are widely and vigorously selling their products, including Plonase anti-allergic drug, Imitrex anti-migraine drug, Relenza’s anti-cold remedy, Zyban cessation drug, and many anti-HIV drugs (anti-HIV drugs) and anti-virus products to markets. World entered.

Glaxo Walcom & Smith’s Klein Bicham Integration In 2000, GlaxoSmile Klein’s company was founded, which is currently considered one of the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies.

:Bayer

Quartz, as a greasy, black, and viscous product of the coal industry, can be turned into bright and shiny colors. The discovery of this subject in the nineteenth century was a thorn in chemistry that led to extensive research into the production of industrial colors rather than natural but expensive colors.

At the same time, precisely in 1863, it attracted the attention of a silk merchant, Fridrich Bayer, and a textile producer, Friedrich Weskott, who were both German and the two decided to invest in it. The result was the creation of Bayer & Co in 1863. The new company will soon become one of the major color manufacturers in Europe. Beyer’s reputation as a pharmaceutical manufacturer has been the company’s very high ability to produce chemical products.

Bayer chemists until 1900 tested all new chemical products produced for their drug efficacy. The first thing that caused Bayer to enter the Jirga of Pharmacists was in 1888.

This year, a leading German chemist Carl Duisberg found that there is a similarity between a new drug called Acetophenetidine and the waste resulting from the process of producing aniline dyes. Subsequently, Bayer sold large quantities of previously unusable waste as a drug called phenacetin, which was widely used to combat the flu epidemic in 1888-1888. The chemist is said to have quickly moved to Bayer, and over the next fifty years he has managed many successes at the company. By the twentieth century, Bayer introduced two highly marketed drugs.

In 1898 Bayer produced a dye called Diacetylmorphine Heroin and the following year Acetyl salicylic acid was produced under the famous brand Aspirin. Interestingly, both of these drugs were already produced by other chemists and other pharmaceutical companies, but Bayer was the first company to understand the value of the treatment and the future of the two drugs. In the early twentieth century, aspirin had become fully researched as a home, and studies on other uses had begun.

Heroin was initially used as a cough suppressant in the treatment of morphine and codeine, but its addictive and dangerous effects were identified in 1905 very soon. Bayer became the third largest chemical company in the world by 1913 with more than 1,000 employees. Bayer owns 8,000 patents for its own colors, pharmaceuticals and chemicals, including industrial rubber. During World War I Bayer came to the aid of the German government and mobilized manufacturers of paint and chemicals for the production of explosives. Even after the end of the war, Bayer continued to produce T.N.T for the German government. Other chemical weapons produced by Chlorine Phosgene and Mustard gas. During the war and against the Treaty of Versailles, all German property was confiscated outside the country, including the Bayer subsidiaries.

As a result, Bayer’s properties, the company’s privileges, and even Bayer’s famous commercial names, including the American Aspirin drug, were seized by a company called Ssterling Drug in New York. After the end of the war, the recession and the remaining consequences of the war completely changed the face of Germany. German companies united and merged quickly to confront the situation, and in 1952 they formed the largest industrial group under the name I.G.Farben, which included several major companies including Bayer, the BASF Group and the Bush Industrial Group. The Pharmaceutical division of the newly established company was actually on the market with the name Bayer.

Bayer’s studies on the production of various colors during the first half of the 20th century provided many medicines to the medical community. In 1908, the production of a red orange-colored industry was the basis for the production of sulfa drugs that were effective in the treatment of pneumonia. Germanin was a drug derived from Bayer for the treatment of African sleep disorders. Cereganin derivatives were used in the treatment of malaria in the 1930s, and then in the 40s in river blindness.

Studies on the production of sulfa drugs, especially the newer generation of these items, which were marketed in 1939, brought the Nobel Prize to a well-researcher named Gerhard Domagk, although the ban imposed by Hilter prevented Dr. Dumble from receiving the award. The darkest era of Bayer’s activity was as part of I.G.Farben during World War II.

One of the most controversial issues was the use of Bayer’s new drugs for prisoners of war. Another issue is financing the terrible experiments performed by Joseph mngele or Death Angel by Bayer Company. The production of ZY Klon B gas, which was used by the mass executions of prisoners, was carried out by I.J.Farben. Thirteen senior executives I.G.Farben were tried in 1947 by the Nuremberg court as a war criminal and sentenced to a maximum of eight years in prison.

 

The High Commissioner for War Crimes ordered the IGFarben liquidation in 1950, and the massive group was turned into twelve independent companies, which Beer Group has been active in the field since the 1951 Farbenfabtiken Bayer Aktiengesell Schaft Group Production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals entered the market.

The greatest success of Bayer during the post-war era, in addition to rebuilding all of the remaining injuries and devastation of the war in the company’s strong presence on world markets, has been a remarkable production of both quantitative and quantitative as well as special attention to success in the US market. It’s not bad to understand the success of the bay. In less than two decades, until the mid-seventies of the twentieth century, Bayer again had more than 6,000 chemical and pharmaceutical products on the world market.

Bayer purchased the two pharmaceutical companies, Alka-Seltzer and Miles, in 1974 to strengthen their pharmaceutical capacity in Cutter’s lab and in 1978. Bayer’s effort continued to regain lost points in the United States until 1988. Bayer bought the sterling drug firm this year and regained the right to use Bayer’s patent and patent privileges for the first time since World War I.

Now Bayer has more than 120,000 staff and produces more than 10,000 strong presence products in the global marketplace. Bayer Company is still known as a discoverer and manufacturer of chemical products, costing more than $ 1 billion a year.

:Boehringer Ingelheim

The company’s headquarters Boehringer Ingelheim are now in the city of Ingglheim, Germany, where the company was founded in 1885. In fact, today the Böhringer Group is a collection of companies run by a committee of private shareholders. From the point of view of Böhringer’s company, it is known as a long-term policy firm.

The company was founded by Albert Boehringer, who was active in the field of chemicals. Bohringer began his career with the recruitment of twenty people for the production of tartaric acid, which was used in pharmacies and dyeing factories. Ten years later, Böhringer was the forerunner in the production of lactic acid production using bacteria and in large quantities throughout the world. This progress has firmly stabilized Bohringer’s position in the global chemicals market. The success of Bohringer’s provision of pills with a certain dosage actually made the company into the jury of pharmacists. In 1905 Bohringer was extracted to produce morphine and codeine and increased production of herbal extracts. Gradually, Böhringer’s medications were introduced to all German pharmacies.

In 1924, Böhringer founded his pharmaceutical specialist group in Hamburg and began the production of opiates. During World War II, although Bohringer’s R & D studies continued, the production of organophosphates was stopped temporarily. During the fifties and sixties of the 20th century, Böhringer gradually began to expand into foreign markets, and a number of new cardiovascular and respiratory drugs were added to Bohringer’s medications.

During the next two decades Bohrrigger entered into a new field of genetic engineering and production of active proteins and achieved significant success. In our study, interferon omega (from human cell culture), interferon gamma manganese superoxide (from microbial sources).

:Bristol – Myers & Squibbs

A century ago, two pharmaceutical companies called Bristol-Myers and squibb were soon turned into two giants of pharmacy. The two companies were operating in two different fields until the twentieth century, which simultaneously produced penicillin.

In 1887, two Americans, William McLaren Bristol and John Ripiey Myers, invested $ 5,000 in a company called Clinton Pharmaceuticals, and practically invested in an incubator called Sal Heppatica, which was soluble in water. The solution produced the taste and effects of mineral water. This drug was up to eight years of bulk selling items.

The first major success of the BM drug was the release of the Ipana Toothpaste, which contained an antiseptic and was used to prevent gum bleeding. Toothpaste turned BM into an important national company and opened the door to the global market. Though BM produced several drugs, but for a long time all of their attention was on the market for SAL HEPATIC IPANA, as well as disinfectants and cough syrups.

From the outset, Scycop Company was primarily active in the field of pharmacy. The company was founded in 1856 by Edward Robinson Squibb in Brooklyn, New York. After his kidding in 1906, his children sold the company, although the company was still called Skyvip in honor of its founder’s efforts and successes. In 1944, Scycop Company launched the world’s largest penicillin production plant. At the same time, BM bought the CHEPLIN labs, the main specialization of which was fermentation, and BM also practically entered the field of penicillin production and became a competitor of the skivep.

During the fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, Skyvip also entered various fields, including materials, baby food, cosmetics, agriculture, and many other affiliated companies.

In 1975, Scoop’s team discovered the CAPOTEN drug, the first of which is a group of blood pressure medications called sterol cholinesterase inhibitors. This drug revolutionized the treatment of hypertension. At the same time, BM again redefined non-pharmacological production, and in this regard, CLAIROL bought the hair dye manufacturer, which brought BM’s success a few years later. BM later bought Mead Johnson, a manufacturer of foods including dry milk.

The two companies, BM and Skovip, joined each other in 1989 to expand their global markets. That year, BMS was the second largest pharmaceutical company in the world. In 1991, BMS gained the American Cancer Institute award for supplying the PACLITAXEL brand called Taxol. Another important medicine for BMS is Pravachol or Pravastatin Anti Cholesterol.